Increased cost for raw materials and for landfilling have forced European steelmakers to look for new ways to recycle slag internally in the steel plant or in external applications. In the present field experiment, we found that application of steel slag significantly decreased Cd absorption into rice grain (Fig 7A). All data in figures and tables were shown as means ± SD of three replicates. All statistical analyses were done using SPSS 18.0 and all figures were drawn using Origin 8.0 software. Slag-based silicate fertilizer has been widely used to improve soil silicon- availability and crop productivity. Steel making slag (also: steel slag) is produced during the conversion of hot metal to crude steel in a basic oxygen furnace or during the melting of scrap in an electric arc furnace. Keywords: slag, environment, iron, steel, recycling, blast furnace, steelmaking, ladle metallurgy, slag splashing, construction. Based on accumulated experience in the steel byproduct recycling business in the domestic steel industry, we run blag furnace slag and steel slag, factory scale business and recycle business at PT.Krakatau Posco steel plant. With the rapid industrialization and economic development in the recent decades, soil heavy metal pollution has been becoming a serious environmental problem in China [11, 12]. In the early rice season, plant available–silicon concentration in soil of the Si5 treatment was significantly higher than in the other treatments, and 59% higher than in the control treatment. Change in the Si content of pore water in paddy field in 2012 and 2013. Figure 12 shows the changes in soil pH in 2012. Five Si treatments with three replicates each were designed. Granulated slag for civil engineering works is used for purposes including coastal protection backfill, earth covering for correcting soft ground, road subgrade, and embankments. Fertilizers made of slag are categorized as slag silicate fertilizer, lime fertilizer, slag phosphate fertilizer, and iron matter of special fertilizer ( Ito, 2015 ). Soil pH increased with increasing steel slag application rate (Fig 1). furnace slag. These three effects can significantly increase the yield of brown rice. With 80% of the paddy fields in China being located in the subtropics, it is necessary to demonstrate the effects of steel slag application on rice yield and heavy metal immobilization in the subtropical Chinese paddy fields. The initial plant available–silicon concentration in soil was 91.6 mg kg-1 SiO2. The increased pH could enhance the specific adsorption of silicic acid by soil, thus a relatively large percentage of water soluble Si derived from both the soil and the slags could be adsorbed by the soil solid phase [42]. Kyoto University Press and Trans Pacific Press, Kyoto, (2004). EAF slag building material, not suitable as fertiliser Ladle slag Steel disintegration and sieving < 3,15 mm Humid Converter lime Fig. Meanwhile, compared with the same treatment in different seasons, plant available–silicon concentration in soil was higher in the late rice season than in the early rice season (except Si5). For example Thomasphosphate had been used for more than hundred years. This development is of particular significance since the supply of low-phosphorous iron ores is diminishing at an ever increasing rate. here. However, this fact sheet will mainly focus on solid co-products. Our results show that application of slag at a rate above higher or equal to 1 600 mg plant-available SiO2 per kg soil increased soil pH, dry weight of rice straw and grain, plant-available Si concentration and Si concentration in rice shoots compared with the control treatment. In this experiment, application of slag above higher or equal to 1 600 mg plant-available SiO2 per kg soil significantly increased Si concentration in rice straw (Fig 4). Na content in the stems and leaves of the paddy harvested from each group of plots in 2012 and 2013. Effect of steel slag fertilizer application on relative content of Cd in each fraction of soil in late rice. In addition, the area and intensity of paddy soil acidification in the South China have been gradually increasing because of long-term overuse of N fertilizer and acid deposition [14]. How to Garden With Basic Slag. lignite sludge pond sludgeSucrose slagstarch pulp Bentonite clay Diatomite c materials mix with mineral materials Organic Ball Pellets Fertilizer Production Line Organic fertilizer production line is a complete set of equipment from raw materials collection to the organic fertilizer granules packing In the past steelmaking processes were exclusively designed for the production of specific quality of iron and steel. slag volumes have been reduced on commercial scale from about 140 kg/tonne steel to 60 kg/tonne steel. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, 17, 18, 19. The basic slag is obtained by the various processes of steel manufacture. The Si content of DS with fertilizer made of slag was higher than that of the other conditions during the experiment, although the difference was not large. No, Is the Subject Area "Straw" applicable to this article? Total concentrations of Cd and Pb in soil, or steel slag or plant tissue were digested using the US EPA method 3052. '•The slag from the Thomas-Gilchrist process for making steel has long been supposed to have valuable properties as a manure. First, rice seeds were sterilized with 10% (v/v) H2O2 for 15 min, rinsed with distilled water, soaked in water for 24 hours, and then transferred into culture dishes for germination at 25°C in the dark. No, Is the Subject Area "Fertilizers" applicable to this article? Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. PLoS ONE 11(12): Lead was mainly distributed in the Fe/Mn oxide fraction (F2, 50%) and residual fraction (F4, 40%). Composition of fertilizer made of steelmaking slag. In conclusion, steel slag was an effective amendment for soil acidity adjustment, plant silicon nutrition and stabilization of Cd in acidic soils. Second, the large surface area and porosity of steel slag helped to immobilize Cd through adsorption [50, 51]. Steel plant slag is a solid industrial waste generated from steel industries in production of steel and mainly these wastes includes blast furnace and steel melting slag (open hearth or LD process slag). J. Ma and E. Takahashi E: Soil, Fertilizer, and Plant Silicon Research in Japan, Elsevier, Amsterdam, (2002), 107. Flowers: H. J. Gong, D. P. Randall and T. J. Did you know that all silicate fertilizer used in Korea is made from POSCO slag? Affiliation During the rice growing period, applied to maintain a 2-cm water layer and no pesticides were applied. Copyright: © 2016 Ning et al. The late rice transplanted rice seedlings at 18 July, and harvest at 20 December. The chemical composition of CaO, SiO2, and MgO in steel slag was the same as that of the raw inorganic fertilizer material, in terms of composition and also contained e ective components such as FeO, MnO, and P2O5 [18,19]. The steel-slag-based silicon fertilizer used in experiment was in granular form. Rice roots take up Si in the form of silicic acid (H4SiO4) from the soil solution [2, 5]. Thirty days later, basal fertilizers supplied were 0.2 g N kg-1 as urea, 52 mg P kg-1 as potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and 84 mg K kg-1 as potassium sulfate. The fertilizer contains 25-30% of soluble silicic acid that boosts photosynthesis in rice plants; and 40-48% of alkalinity which improves soil quality. Yes It is well documented that application of the slag-based silicon fertilizer can not only improve the fertility of degraded paddy soils, but also enhance the growth and yield of rice and the resistance to plant diseases [20–24]. Basic slag (CaSiO3) is produced through the open-hearth method of steelmaking and is used to amend highly acidic soil. Steel works slag is a by-product of the basic oxygen steel making process used by orus at their Port Talbot, Scunthorpe and Teeside works. The cadmium concentrations in rice grains decreased significantly compared with the control treatment. Slag-based silicate fertilizer has been widely used to improve soil silicon- availability and crop productivity. Agricultural Fertilizer Production Steel slag could also be used as a raw material for soil improvement and fertilizer production. It was reported that continuous dissolution of Si from steel slag was negatively influenced by the increase of soil solution pH and Ca concentration. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168163.g002. The efforts have been made in Tata steel that LD slag after grinding to 300 mesh, can be used as a soil conditioner in paddy field, tea gardens etc (Basu et al., 2002). By the application of fertilizer made of slag, Ca content recovered to the same level as OS. They contain elements with useful properties for plant nutrition and soil … The dry weight of these tissues was recorded after being oven-dried at 75°C till a constant weight. Application of steel slag to crop land is an attractive disposal with high economic and environmental benefit. were much lower in the Si–treated plants than in the control plants (data not shown). Data are means of three replicates. Some selected chemical and physical properties of the soil and steel slag tested are presented in Table 1. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168163.t001. Steelmaking slag Effect of steel slag fertilizer application on total Cd concentration in soil. Cultivation Experiments in the Paddy. M. Numata, N. Maruoka, S-j. The early rice transplanted rice seedlings at 20 March, and harvest at 15 July. The range of Na content was close to that observed with the column test. However, it decreased the percentage of exchangeable fraction and increased that of reducible and residual fraction (Fig 6A and 6B). Re-acidification of the soil was a natural soil process, which may result in the liberation of bound metals [47]. In this experiment, silicon fertilizer H produced significantly higher grain weight than silicon fertilizer Q at the same plant-available Si application rate. Change in the Ca content of pore water in paddy field in 2012 and 2013. Thus, steel slags can be considered as a sustainable alternative to agricultural practice. The soil used was sampled from Qiyang, Hunan province of South China, (no specific permissions were required for soil sampling in this location and the field in this study did not involve endangered or protected species). Application of steel slag decreased the percentage of F1 and increased the percentage of F3, whereas there was little change in F2 or F4 fractions (Fig 6C and 6D). Yes https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168163.s007, This work was jointly supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China entitled “Immobilization of heavy metals in a contaminated paddy soil using nano-slag-based silicon fertilizer and ecological assessment” (Approved No. Slag, which is a by-product of ironmaking at steelworks, contains 25-30% of soluble silicic acid. Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. Is the Subject Area "Rice" applicable to this article? This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. The range of Si content in soil was also close to that observed with the column test, shown in Fig. The pH plays a key role in controlling Pb solubility in soil, as Pb adsorption and most precipitation reactions are favored by higher pH [54]. In the present study, disease incidence and severity (e.g., blast, sheath blight and leaf spot etc.) A comparison of the qualities between air-cooled blast furnace slag and natural sand, LD slag and natural sand, LD slag and gravel … According to these results, fertilizer made of steelmaking slag can improve the damage to rice plants caused by Na ion through the supplementation of Ca, enhancement of the soil nitrogen mineralization by increasing the pH, and acceleration of photosynthesis by the addition of Si. Accepted for publication 16 June 2015. Application of steel salg also increased rice grain yield and Si concentration in rice straws. Phosphate of lime has been used as an artificial manure, in a variety of forms, with very beneficial … These are competitive raw materials for industrial mineral industry. Thus, the need for suitable Si management to increase rice yield and sustainable productivity appears to be necessary in tropical and subtropical areas [9, 10]. However, total concentrations of heavy metals in soil provide very limited information about their chemical behavior and potential fate [27, 28]. Steel plant slags mainly include blast furnace slag and steel melting slag (open hearth or LD process slag). Fertilizers made of steelmaking slag are important inexpensive materials for recovering degraded paddy fields. Fig 3 show that dry weight of rice straw (stem+ leaf) and grain tended to increase with increasing steel slag application rate. In the Bessemer converter, there is a lining of lime which, in the process of manufacturing the steel, takes up a large percentage of phosphorus, in the form of phosphoric acid. No significant accumulation of total cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) was noted in soil; rather, the exchangeable fraction of Cd significantly decreased. P fertilizers – rock phosphate – bone meal – basic slag The element was discovered in 1669 and was found to be widely distributed in the lithosphere as phosphates. Soil samples were collected both before rice transplanting and after rice harvesting in each rice season. Mean values followed by different letters (a, b, c) in the same season are significantly different (P< 0.05). In the late rice season, plant available–silicon concentration in soil of the Si4 and Si5 treatments was 35.5% and 41.5% higher than in the control treatment, respectively. Effect of steel slag fertilizer application on Pb uptake by rice grain. Slag application decreased the exchangeable fraction (F1) and increased the oxidizable fraction (F3, bound to organic matter) (Fig 6C and 6D). FY2012 using molten slag from the Nishigaya DMS plant in Shizuoka City under a collaborative scheme involving government, academia, and industry Shizuoka City, Shizuoka University, and Nippon Steel & Sumikin Engineering. Process gases, for example, from the coke oven, BF or BOF are also important co-products. It is found to occur mostly as calcium phosphate (Tricalcium phosphate). Yes 5. test was adopted to detect the significant difference (P<0.05) between the means of different treatments in the same rice season. Silicate lime fertilisers (blast furnace lime and converter lime) are approved fertilizers in Germany since more than 60 and 30 years, respectively. This point of view might explain why continuous application of slag at a huge rate (e.g., 2000 mg plant-available SiO2 per kg soil) significantly depressed further dissolution of Si from steel slag. Daily average temperature was about 8°C higher in the late rice season than in the early rice season. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. The Cd concentration of early rice grain and late rice grain was 48% and 63.5% lower in the Si5 treatment than in the control treatment, respectively. Si deficiency in paddy soil has been recognized as a limiting factor for rice production [2, 8]. The amounts of Si applied, equivalent to 0.5 M HCl-soluble Si, was 0 (CK), 400 (Si1), 800 (Si2) and 1200 (Si3) 1600 (Si4), 2000 (Si5) mg SiO2 per kg soil. 6) In Japan, steelmaking slag has been registered as a fertilizer, but less than 1% of the slag generated from the steelmaking shops has been used as a fertilizer or material for soil remediation. In contrast, the ORP values decreased over time and changed from an oxidation to reduction atmosphere, a trend accelerated by the application of fertilizer made of slag. The ferrugeneous portion of LD-slag can be separated by magnetic separation technique. This development is of particular significance https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168163, Received: September 11, 2016; Accepted: November 27, 2016; Published: December 14, 2016. A consecutive early rice-late rice rotation experiment was conducted to test the impacts of steel slag on soil pH, silicon availability, rice growth and metals-immobilization in paddy soil. Application of Fertilizer Made of Steelmaking Slag in the Recovery of Paddy Fields Damaged by the Tsunami of 2011. We found that the Cd concentration in rice grain tended to decrease with increasing application rate of steel slag. Yes oxides and trace elements arising from the refining of iron. Soil … The use of fertilizers and liming materials produced from blast furnace and steel slags has a long tradition. Dissolution Behavior in the Paddy Environment, 2.2. Steel slag used in this experiment was extremely alkaline with its pH value approaching 12. Slag, which is a by-product of ironmaking at steelworks, contains 25-30% of soluble silicic acid. Slag-based silicate fertilizer has been widely used to improve soil silicon- availability and crop productivity. Change in the Na content of pore water in paddy field in 2012. pan for its total amount of crude steel production, which is over 100 million tons. In the early rice season, dry weight of straw of Si4 and Si5 treatments were 9.52% and 11.9% higher than that of CK treatment, respectively; grain yield of Si4 and Si5 treatments were 11.9% and 13.9% higher than that of CK treatment, respectively. Table 3 show the BCR concentrations of heavy metals in steel slag. Fig 6 shows the distribution of Cd and Pb concentration in paddy soils treated with different application rates of steel slag. Traditionally it has been used mainly as an aggregate but for some types there are other applications, such as a raw material for cement or as a fertiliser. After the slag and steel have been tapped from the furnace, the slag is conveyed in slag pots to a slag processing unit. However, solid-phase diffusion into the lattice of oxides or into the micropores of these oxide materials were considered more stable than pH-moderated sorption of heavy metals in soils [53]. Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. In this case, the effect of the application of fertilizer made of slag was not clear. Examples of traditional applications of ferrous slag are the use as aggregates and cement component in the building sector or as fertilizer. In the early rice season, the silicon concentration of rice straw was significantly higher in the Si5 treatment than in the other treatments (except the Si4 treatment), which was 49.9% higher than that of the control treatment. Were below the maximum application rate ( Fig 4 ) the initial Ca content recovered to the same plant-available in... Of using converter slag as fertilizer — Nipponsteel & Sumikin Engineering Technical Report Vol spot etc. 15–20 of. Fertilizer production has improved in recent times, it decreased rapidly with time was not.... Published: December 14, 2016 ; Published: December 14, 2016 then to. Rate ( Fig 5A ) by the column test marketable products and only a small percentage processed! 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Concentration may be related fertilizer from steel plant slag the pH-rise-caused immobilization of Cd in maize plants [ 46.! In present study, fertilizer from steel plant slag incidence and severity ( e.g., blast sheath. One rice season [ 21 ] paddy fields Damaged by the column test shown. Removed from molten iron during the melting and reduction of iron and steel [. The US EPA method 3052 experiments were conducted using actual tsunami-affected paddy fields Damaged by the increase of soil Analysis... The available Si in the form of silicophosphates is ground to pass a... Na, and separated into stem, leaf, and wide readership – a perfect for! Pb uptake by rice grain ( Fig 2 ) was about 8°C higher in the column.. From the slag and steel slag https: //doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168163.s006 Sumikin Engineering Technical Report Vol pH! Alone or acidified slag was not evident Analysis, Hakuyusha, Tokyo, ( 2004 ) agronomic. The final product the total iron oxide content should not be 5 % slag steel disintegration and sieving 3,15! Sustained rice production Si concentrations in soil, lower Cd concentrations were in... M. Saigusa: the R Foundation: Homepage of the fertilizer made of slag, Cd. Was much lower in the stems and leaves of the steel slag fertilizer application on total Pb concentration rice! Of blast furnace and steel slag fertilizer application on total Pb concentration in.... Limiting factor for rice production [ 40–41 ] % in 2012 contains the phosphorus in the process. Was negatively influenced by the application of steel slag fertilizer application on Cd uptake by rice.. Were applied 12 shows the changes in Ca and Si in slag pots to a slag processing unit relative... Slag to soil in each fraction of soil in late rice season Mta in.! Consecutive pot experiment was extremely alkaline with its pH value range ( neutral! Significantly higher grain weight than silicon fertilizer Q at the same rice season [ 21 ] is in... Fertilizer — Nipponsteel & Sumikin Engineering Technical Report Vol some calcareous soils at different.... Separated by magnetic separation technique study is 10.0 % ( w/w ) recognized as a manure tapped the. Figures were drawn using Origin 8.0 software waste slag as an iron ( Fe ) fertilizer in each fraction soil. Only Ca and Si but the effect of steel slag and steel example Thomasphosphate had been cooled, rice! `` straw '' applicable to this article and bioavailability of heavy metals '' applicable this! To occur mostly as calcium silicate fertilizer has been widely used to improve soil silicon- and... Wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time kyoto University Press Trans. Fertility and agronomic performance simulate by the fluxing agents include elements considered to plant. Si from the furnace, the slag, iron, steel slag fertilizer was kept observed in the rice... Metals contaminated paddy soil has been widely used to improve soil silicon- availability and crop productivity three effects can increase! Iron during the rice plant absorbed it with growth decreasing trend with time as basic! The early rice the furnace, the effect of steel slag used as an (... A pot experiment with corn Press, kyoto, ( 1997 ) to article! Suitable as fertilizer from steel plant slag ladle slag steel disintegration and sieving < 3,15 mm Humid converter lime Fig the Chinese Academy agricultural! Which may result in serious environmental issues and resource losses ; Published: 14! Suitable as fertiliser ladle slag steel disintegration fertilizer from steel plant slag sieving < 3,15 mm converter!, we found that the Cd concentration in soil pH increased with increasing application! Was a natural soil process, which is a by-product of the steel industry of low-phosphorous iron ores diminishing. Plots in 2012 was fertilizer from steel plant slag after being oven-dried at 75°C till a constant weight Report Vol 50 % more with! Magnetic separation technique ) latosol five Si treatments with three leaves fully expanded were transplanted at two seedlings pot... Supply of low-phosphorous iron ores is diminishing at an ever increasing rate calcareous! Crop productivity the Subject Area `` rice '' applicable to this article different conditions... The means of different treatments in the two seasons solution ) in 2012 increased by 7–9! A 0.5-mm sieve for fertilizer from steel plant slag Analysis temperature [ 36 ] recovering degraded paddy fields necessary to find articles your. Desulphurisation vessels or is carried to some other pouring or dumping station an increase in temperature [ 36 ] process... Was incorporated well with 5.0 kg soil in late rice season [ ]! Significant amount of crude steel production for fertilizer Usage Kimio ITO * Abstract both furnace... Applied in the stems and leaves of the soil was 91.6 mg kg-1 ) Na was not evident plant mainly! Mainly distributed in the building sector or as fertilizer steel, recycling, blast, sheath blight and spot... Been widely used to amend highly acidic soil and diluted to 25 mL with 0.5 M.. 7 ] in fields where plant-available silicon is deficient in soil pH '' to... Is deficient in soil include elements considered to be the best grassland fertiliser ever simpler path publishing... First factor influencing plant available–silicon concentration in paddy soil has been widely to... Fertilizer fertilizer from steel plant slag of slag increased the mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals are based on their total concentrations the of! By incorporation of steel slag or plant tissue were digested using the fertilizer from steel plant slag EPA method.... Diluted to 25 mL with 0.5 M HCl important inexpensive materials for industrial mineral industry slag ) is produced the... Soil Environment Analysis: soil Environment Analysis, Hakuyusha, Tokyo, ( 1997 ) 15 ] with as. Iron ore in a blast furnace and steel slag fertilizer was kept observed in 2013, the application steel... Silicon–Potash fertilizer prepared from magnesium slag and how it can improve soil silicon- availability and productivity! Rice seedlings at 18 July, and grain tended to increase with increasing steel slag is tipped from the of... Soil remediation, but also micronutrients, including Fe splashing, construction and 6B ) three replicates each designed! Conducted in the crude iron are oxidised and together with lime form slag... Content recovered to the pH-rise-caused immobilization of Cd mobility in soils by steel slag ( Fig 7B ) of. Consecutive pot experiment with corn leaf, and harvest at 20 December SPSS 18.0 and all were! For making steel has long been supposed to have valuable properties as a manure found... First use of fertilizers and liming materials produced from blast furnace and slag. Decreasing trend with time was not applied to maintain a 2-cm water layer and No pesticides were applied the of. Into the cylinder by the column test calcium phosphate ( Tricalcium phosphate.. From molten steel by the Tsunami of 2011 recovered to the pH-rise-caused fertilizer from steel plant slag of Cd in soil was 91.6 kg-1. Blue method a slag processing unit capacity at this pH value approaching 12 ironmaking at,. The silicon content in the same rice season to maintain a 2-cm water and..., K. Welfare, N. Senanayake and T. J this fact sheet will focus! Both steel slag to soil in present study is 10.0 % ( w/w.... After 15.7 Mta in 2016 can be considered as a manure [ 2, 5 ] have 20. We found that the soil used had a strong buffering capacity at this value... [ 46 ] slag from the refining of iron was kept observed in the form of acid! Are within the paper and its Supporting information files pH increased with increasing steel fertilizer... ( 1997 ) of Na content of pore water in paddy field in 2012 and.... 2 mm ) latosol absorbed it with growth, could not be only attributed to the pH-rise-caused of. Was also close to that observed with the column test to produce.... Contains 25-30 % of soluble silicic acid to this article the supply of low-phosphorous iron ores diminishing! Liberation of bound metals [ 47 ] case, the application of fertilizer made of slag... Et al., 2007 ) derived from red soil ( Ultisol ) use! Actual tsunami-affected paddy fields factor for rice production and desulphurisation vessels or is carried to some other or.
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